Application Language Management on macOS
Manage application-specific language settings across your MacFleet devices using command-line tools. This tutorial covers language discovery, individual app configuration, bulk management, and enterprise-wide language policy enforcement for international deployments.
Understanding macOS Language Management
macOS allows setting different languages for individual applications without changing the system language:
Language Configuration Levels
- System Language - Overall macOS interface language
- Application Language - Per-app language override
- Regional Settings - Date, time, number, currency formats
- Keyboard Input - Input method and layout preferences
Language Management Tools
defaults- Modify application preferences and language settingslanguagesetup- Display available system languageslocale- Show current locale information- System Preferences - GUI language management interface
Language Discovery and Analysis
Discover Available Languages
#!/bin/bash
# Display all languages supported by the device
echo "š Discovering available languages on device..."
# Get system supported languages
echo "=== System Supported Languages ==="
languagesetup
echo -e "\n=== Current Locale Information ==="
locale
echo -e "\n=== Available Language Codes ==="
ls /System/Library/CoreServices/SystemUIServer.app/Contents/Resources/*.lproj | \
sed 's/.*\/\(.*\)\.lproj/\1/' | sort
echo "ā
Language discovery completed successfully"Get Current System Language
#!/bin/bash
# Display current system and application language settings
echo "š Analyzing current language configuration..."
# System language
echo "System Language: $(defaults read -g AppleLanguages | head -1 | tr -d '[:space:],"()')"
# Regional settings
echo "Region: $(defaults read -g AppleLocale)"
# Current user
CURRENT_USER=$(stat -f%Su /dev/console)
echo "Current User: $CURRENT_USER"
# Input sources
echo -e "\nInput Sources:"
defaults read com.apple.HIToolbox AppleEnabledInputSources | grep -E 'InputSourceKind|KeyboardLayout Name'
echo "ā
Language analysis completed"Individual Application Language Management
Set Application Language
#!/bin/bash
# Set language for a specific application
APP_NAME="$1"
LANGUAGE_CODE="$2"
if [[ -z "$APP_NAME" || -z "$LANGUAGE_CODE" ]]; then
echo "ā Usage: $0 <AppName> <LanguageCode>"
echo "Example: $0 Calendar de"
echo "Example: $0 Safari fr"
exit 1
fi
# Get current user
CURRENT_USER=$(stat -f%Su /dev/console)
echo "š Setting language for $APP_NAME to $LANGUAGE_CODE"
# Validate language code
if ! languagesetup | grep -q "$LANGUAGE_CODE"; then
echo "ā ļø Warning: Language code '$LANGUAGE_CODE' may not be supported"
fi
# Set application language
if sudo su "$CURRENT_USER" -c "defaults write -app '$APP_NAME' AppleLanguages -array '$LANGUAGE_CODE'"; then
echo "ā
Language set successfully for $APP_NAME"
echo "ā¹ļø Restart $APP_NAME to see changes"
else
echo "ā Failed to set language for $APP_NAME"
exit 1
fiVerify Application Language
#!/bin/bash
# Verify current language setting for an application
APP_NAME="$1"
if [[ -z "$APP_NAME" ]]; then
echo "ā Usage: $0 <AppName>"
echo "Example: $0 Calendar"
exit 1
fi
CURRENT_USER=$(stat -f%Su /dev/console)
echo "š Checking language setting for $APP_NAME..."
# Read current language setting
CURRENT_LANG=$(sudo su "$CURRENT_USER" -c "defaults read -app '$APP_NAME' AppleLanguages 2>/dev/null" | head -1 | tr -d '[:space:],"()')
if [[ -n "$CURRENT_LANG" ]]; then
echo "Current language for $APP_NAME: $CURRENT_LANG"
else
echo "No specific language set for $APP_NAME (using system default)"
fiReset Application Language
#!/bin/bash
# Reset application language to system default
APP_NAME="$1"
if [[ -z "$APP_NAME" ]]; then
echo "ā Usage: $0 <AppName>"
exit 1
fi
CURRENT_USER=$(stat -f%Su /dev/console)
echo "š Resetting language for $APP_NAME to system default..."
# Delete application-specific language setting
if sudo su "$CURRENT_USER" -c "defaults delete -app '$APP_NAME' AppleLanguages 2>/dev/null"; then
echo "ā
Language reset successfully for $APP_NAME"
else
echo "ā¹ļø No custom language setting found for $APP_NAME"
fiBulk Language Management
Set Multiple Applications
#!/bin/bash
# Set language for multiple applications
LANGUAGE_CODE="$1"
shift
APPS=("$@")
if [[ -z "$LANGUAGE_CODE" || ${#APPS[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
echo "ā Usage: $0 <LanguageCode> <App1> <App2> <App3>..."
echo "Example: $0 fr Safari Calendar Mail"
exit 1
fi
CURRENT_USER=$(stat -f%Su /dev/console)
echo "š Setting language '$LANGUAGE_CODE' for ${#APPS[@]} applications..."
SUCCESS_COUNT=0
FAILED_APPS=()
for app in "${APPS[@]}"; do
echo "Processing: $app"
if sudo su "$CURRENT_USER" -c "defaults write -app '$app' AppleLanguages -array '$LANGUAGE_CODE'" 2>/dev/null; then
echo " ā
Success: $app"
((SUCCESS_COUNT++))
else
echo " ā Failed: $app"
FAILED_APPS+=("$app")
fi
done
echo -e "\nš Summary:"
echo "Successfully configured: $SUCCESS_COUNT applications"
echo "Failed: ${#FAILED_APPS[@]} applications"
if [[ ${#FAILED_APPS[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then
echo "Failed applications: ${FAILED_APPS[*]}"
fiCommon Applications Language Setup
#!/bin/bash
# Set language for common macOS applications
LANGUAGE_CODE="$1"
if [[ -z "$LANGUAGE_CODE" ]]; then
echo "ā Usage: $0 <LanguageCode>"
echo "Available codes: en, fr, de, es, it, ja, ko, zh-Hans, zh-Hant, etc."
exit 1
fi
CURRENT_USER=$(stat -f%Su /dev/console)
echo "š Configuring common applications for language: $LANGUAGE_CODE"
# Define common applications
COMMON_APPS=(
"Safari"
"Mail"
"Calendar"
"Contacts"
"Notes"
"Reminders"
"Pages"
"Numbers"
"Keynote"
"TextEdit"
"Preview"
"Finder"
"System Preferences"
)
SUCCESS_COUNT=0
CONFIGURED_APPS=()
echo "Configuring ${#COMMON_APPS[@]} common applications..."
for app in "${COMMON_APPS[@]}"; do
echo -n " $app: "
if sudo su "$CURRENT_USER" -c "defaults write -app '$app' AppleLanguages -array '$LANGUAGE_CODE'" 2>/dev/null; then
echo "ā
"
CONFIGURED_APPS+=("$app")
((SUCCESS_COUNT++))
else
echo "ā"
fi
done
echo -e "\nš Configuration Summary:"
echo "Successfully configured: $SUCCESS_COUNT applications"
echo "Applications configured: ${CONFIGURED_APPS[*]}"Enterprise Language Management Script
#!/bin/bash
# MacFleet Application Language Management Tool
# Comprehensive language management for enterprise environments
# Configuration
LOG_FILE="/var/log/macfleet_language.log"
BACKUP_DIR="/var/backups/macfleet/language"
REPORT_DIR="/var/reports/macfleet/language"
CONFIG_FILE="/etc/macfleet/language_policy.conf"
# Default language policy settings
DEFAULT_LANGUAGE="en"
ENFORCE_LANGUAGE_POLICY=false
ALLOWED_LANGUAGES=("en" "fr" "de" "es" "it" "ja" "ko" "zh-Hans" "zh-Hant")
RESTRICTED_APPS=()
# Logging function
log_action() {
echo "$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') - $1" | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
}
# Setup directories
setup_directories() {
for dir in "$BACKUP_DIR" "$REPORT_DIR" "$(dirname "$CONFIG_FILE")"; do
if [[ ! -d "$dir" ]]; then
sudo mkdir -p "$dir"
log_action "Created directory: $dir"
fi
done
}
# Get current user
get_current_user() {
stat -f%Su /dev/console
}
# Discover available languages
discover_languages() {
echo "š Discovering available languages..."
{
echo "=== System Language Discovery ==="
echo "Date: $(date)"
echo "Device: $(hostname)"
echo ""
echo "=== Available Languages ==="
languagesetup
echo ""
echo "=== Current System Settings ==="
echo "System Language: $(defaults read -g AppleLanguages | head -1 | tr -d '[:space:],"()')"
echo "Region: $(defaults read -g AppleLocale)"
echo "Currency: $(defaults read -g AppleCurrencies | head -1 | tr -d '[:space:],"()')"
echo ""
echo "=== Language Resource Directories ==="
find /System/Library/CoreServices -name "*.lproj" -type d | head -20
} > "$REPORT_DIR/language_discovery_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S).txt"
log_action "Language discovery completed"
}
# Backup current language settings
backup_language_settings() {
local backup_file="$BACKUP_DIR/language_backup_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S).txt"
local current_user=$(get_current_user)
echo "š¾ Backing up current language settings..."
{
echo "=== MacFleet Language Settings Backup ==="
echo "Date: $(date)"
echo "User: $current_user"
echo "Device: $(hostname)"
echo ""
echo "=== System Language Settings ==="
echo "AppleLanguages: $(defaults read -g AppleLanguages 2>/dev/null || echo 'Not set')"
echo "AppleLocale: $(defaults read -g AppleLocale 2>/dev/null || echo 'Not set')"
echo ""
echo "=== Application-Specific Languages ==="
# Get list of applications with custom language settings
local apps_with_custom_lang=()
# Check common applications
local check_apps=(
"Safari" "Mail" "Calendar" "Contacts" "Notes" "Reminders"
"Pages" "Numbers" "Keynote" "TextEdit" "Preview" "Finder"
"System Preferences" "Photos" "Music" "TV" "Books"
)
for app in "${check_apps[@]}"; do
local app_lang
app_lang=$(sudo su "$current_user" -c "defaults read -app '$app' AppleLanguages 2>/dev/null" | head -1 | tr -d '[:space:],"()')
if [[ -n "$app_lang" ]]; then
echo "$app: $app_lang"
apps_with_custom_lang+=("$app")
fi
done
if [[ ${#apps_with_custom_lang[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
echo "No applications with custom language settings found"
fi
} > "$backup_file"
echo "ā
Backup saved to: $backup_file"
log_action "Language settings backed up to: $backup_file"
}
# Generate language audit report
generate_language_report() {
local report_file="$REPORT_DIR/language_audit_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S).txt"
local current_user=$(get_current_user)
echo "š Generating language audit report..."
{
echo "MacFleet Language Audit Report"
echo "Generated: $(date)"
echo "Device: $(hostname)"
echo "User: $current_user"
echo "================================="
echo ""
echo "=== System Language Configuration ==="
local sys_lang=$(defaults read -g AppleLanguages | head -1 | tr -d '[:space:],"()')
echo "Primary Language: $sys_lang"
echo "Region: $(defaults read -g AppleLocale)"
echo "Currency: $(defaults read -g AppleCurrencies | head -1 | tr -d '[:space:],"()')"
echo ""
echo "=== Available Languages ==="
languagesetup | grep -v "Language setup tool" | head -20
echo ""
echo "=== Application Language Audit ==="
local total_apps=0
local custom_lang_apps=0
# Audit common applications
local audit_apps=(
"Safari" "Mail" "Calendar" "Contacts" "Notes" "Reminders"
"Pages" "Numbers" "Keynote" "TextEdit" "Preview" "Finder"
"System Preferences" "Photos" "Music" "TV" "Books" "Maps"
"FaceTime" "Messages" "Calculator" "Clock mini" "Dictionary"
)
for app in "${audit_apps[@]}"; do
((total_apps++))
local app_lang
app_lang=$(sudo su "$current_user" -c "defaults read -app '$app' AppleLanguages 2>/dev/null" | head -1 | tr -d '[:space:],"()')
if [[ -n "$app_lang" ]]; then
echo "$app: $app_lang (custom)"
((custom_lang_apps++))
else
echo "$app: $sys_lang (system default)"
fi
done
echo ""
echo "=== Summary ==="
echo "Total applications audited: $total_apps"
echo "Applications with custom language: $custom_lang_apps"
echo "Applications using system default: $((total_apps - custom_lang_apps))"
# Check for compliance
if [[ "$ENFORCE_LANGUAGE_POLICY" == "true" ]]; then
echo ""
echo "=== Policy Compliance ==="
echo "Language policy enforcement: ENABLED"
echo "Default required language: $DEFAULT_LANGUAGE"
echo "Allowed languages: ${ALLOWED_LANGUAGES[*]}"
local non_compliant_apps=()
for app in "${audit_apps[@]}"; do
local app_lang
app_lang=$(sudo su "$current_user" -c "defaults read -app '$app' AppleLanguages 2>/dev/null" | head -1 | tr -d '[:space:],"()')
if [[ -n "$app_lang" ]]; then
# Check if language is in allowed list
local is_allowed=false
for allowed_lang in "${ALLOWED_LANGUAGES[@]}"; do
if [[ "$app_lang" == "$allowed_lang" ]]; then
is_allowed=true
break
fi
done
if [[ "$is_allowed" == "false" ]]; then
non_compliant_apps+=("$app:$app_lang")
fi
fi
done
if [[ ${#non_compliant_apps[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then
echo "Non-compliant applications:"
for app_info in "${non_compliant_apps[@]}"; do
echo " - ${app_info//:/ (language: }")"
done
else
echo "All applications are compliant with language policy"
fi
fi
} > "$report_file"
echo "š Report saved to: $report_file"
log_action "Language audit report generated: $report_file"
}
# Enforce language policy
enforce_language_policy() {
local target_language="${1:-$DEFAULT_LANGUAGE}"
local current_user=$(get_current_user)
echo "š Enforcing language policy: $target_language"
log_action "Language policy enforcement started: $target_language"
# Validate target language
local is_allowed=false
for allowed_lang in "${ALLOWED_LANGUAGES[@]}"; do
if [[ "$target_language" == "$allowed_lang" ]]; then
is_allowed=true
break
fi
done
if [[ "$is_allowed" == "false" ]]; then
echo "ā Language '$target_language' is not in the allowed languages list"
echo "Allowed languages: ${ALLOWED_LANGUAGES[*]}"
return 1
fi
# Applications to enforce policy on
local enforce_apps=(
"Safari" "Mail" "Calendar" "Contacts" "Notes" "Reminders"
"Pages" "Numbers" "Keynote" "TextEdit" "Preview"
"System Preferences" "Photos" "Music" "TV" "Books"
)
local success_count=0
local failed_apps=()
for app in "${enforce_apps[@]}"; do
# Skip restricted apps
local is_restricted=false
for restricted_app in "${RESTRICTED_APPS[@]}"; do
if [[ "$app" == "$restricted_app" ]]; then
is_restricted=true
break
fi
done
if [[ "$is_restricted" == "true" ]]; then
echo " Skipping restricted app: $app"
continue
fi
echo -n " Configuring $app: "
if sudo su "$current_user" -c "defaults write -app '$app' AppleLanguages -array '$target_language'" 2>/dev/null; then
echo "ā
"
((success_count++))
else
echo "ā"
failed_apps+=("$app")
fi
done
echo -e "\nš Policy Enforcement Summary:"
echo "Successfully configured: $success_count applications"
echo "Failed: ${#failed_apps[@]} applications"
if [[ ${#failed_apps[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then
echo "Failed applications: ${failed_apps[*]}"
fi
log_action "Language policy enforcement completed: $success_count successes, ${#failed_apps[@]} failures"
}
# Restore language settings from backup
restore_language_settings() {
local backup_file="$1"
local current_user=$(get_current_user)
if [[ ! -f "$backup_file" ]]; then
echo "ā Backup file not found: $backup_file"
return 1
fi
echo "š Restoring language settings from backup..."
log_action "Language settings restoration started from: $backup_file"
# Parse backup file and restore settings
local in_app_section=false
local restored_count=0
while IFS= read -r line; do
if [[ "$line" == "=== Application-Specific Languages ===" ]]; then
in_app_section=true
continue
fi
if [[ "$in_app_section" == "true" && "$line" =~ ^([^:]+):[[:space:]]*(.+)$ ]]; then
local app_name="${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
local app_lang="${BASH_REMATCH[2]}"
if [[ "$app_lang" != "Not set" ]]; then
echo -n " Restoring $app_name to $app_lang: "
if sudo su "$current_user" -c "defaults write -app '$app_name' AppleLanguages -array '$app_lang'" 2>/dev/null; then
echo "ā
"
((restored_count++))
else
echo "ā"
fi
fi
fi
done < "$backup_file"
echo -e "\nā
Restoration completed: $restored_count applications restored"
log_action "Language settings restoration completed: $restored_count applications"
}
# Main execution function
main() {
local action="${1:-help}"
local target="${2:-}"
local apps_or_backup=("${@:3}")
log_action "=== MacFleet Language Management Started ==="
setup_directories
case "$action" in
"discover"|"languages")
discover_languages
;;
"audit"|"report")
generate_language_report
;;
"backup")
backup_language_settings
;;
"restore")
if [[ -n "$target" ]]; then
restore_language_settings "$target"
else
echo "ā Please specify backup file to restore from"
echo "Usage: $0 restore <backup_file>"
fi
;;
"set")
if [[ -n "$target" && ${#apps_or_backup[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then
# Set language for specific apps
local language_code="$target"
local apps=("${apps_or_backup[@]}")
local current_user=$(get_current_user)
echo "š Setting language '$language_code' for specified applications..."
local success_count=0
for app in "${apps[@]}"; do
echo -n " $app: "
if sudo su "$current_user" -c "defaults write -app '$app' AppleLanguages -array '$language_code'" 2>/dev/null; then
echo "ā
"
((success_count++))
else
echo "ā"
fi
done
echo "ā
Configured $success_count applications"
else
echo "ā Usage: $0 set <language_code> <app1> <app2> ..."
echo "Example: $0 set fr Safari Mail Calendar"
fi
;;
"enforce")
local target_lang="${target:-$DEFAULT_LANGUAGE}"
enforce_language_policy "$target_lang"
;;
"reset")
if [[ -n "$target" ]]; then
local current_user=$(get_current_user)
echo "š Resetting language for $target to system default..."
if sudo su "$current_user" -c "defaults delete -app '$target' AppleLanguages" 2>/dev/null; then
echo "ā
Language reset for $target"
else
echo "ā¹ļø No custom language setting found for $target"
fi
else
echo "ā Usage: $0 reset <app_name>"
fi
;;
"check")
if [[ -n "$target" ]]; then
local current_user=$(get_current_user)
local app_lang
app_lang=$(sudo su "$current_user" -c "defaults read -app '$target' AppleLanguages 2>/dev/null" | head -1 | tr -d '[:space:],"()')
if [[ -n "$app_lang" ]]; then
echo "Language for $target: $app_lang"
else
echo "No custom language set for $target (using system default)"
fi
else
echo "ā Usage: $0 check <app_name>"
fi
;;
"help"|*)
echo "MacFleet Application Language Management Tool"
echo "Usage: $0 [action] [options]"
echo ""
echo "Actions:"
echo " discover - Discover available languages on device"
echo " audit - Generate language audit report"
echo " backup - Backup current language settings"
echo " restore <file> - Restore language settings from backup"
echo " set <lang> <apps...> - Set language for specific applications"
echo " enforce [language] - Enforce language policy across applications"
echo " reset <app> - Reset application to system default language"
echo " check <app> - Check current language setting for application"
echo " help - Show this help message"
echo ""
echo "Language Codes:"
echo " en - English"
echo " fr - French"
echo " de - German"
echo " es - Spanish"
echo " it - Italian"
echo " ja - Japanese"
echo " ko - Korean"
echo " zh-Hans - Chinese (Simplified)"
echo " zh-Hant - Chinese (Traditional)"
;;
esac
log_action "=== MacFleet Language Management Completed ==="
}
# Execute main function
main "$@"Language Code Reference
Common Language Codes
| Language | Code | Region |
|---|---|---|
| English | en | International |
| French | fr | France |
| German | de | Germany |
| Spanish | es | Spain |
| Italian | it | Italy |
| Portuguese | pt | Portugal |
| Portuguese (Brazil) | pt-BR | Brazil |
| Japanese | ja | Japan |
| Korean | ko | Korea |
| Chinese (Simplified) | zh-Hans | China |
| Chinese (Traditional) | zh-Hant | Taiwan/Hong Kong |
| Russian | ru | Russia |
| Arabic | ar | Middle East |
| Dutch | nl | Netherlands |
| Swedish | sv | Sweden |
| Norwegian | no | Norway |
| Danish | da | Denmark |
| Finnish | fi | Finland |
Regional Variants
# Common regional language codes
en-US # English (United States)
en-GB # English (United Kingdom)
en-CA # English (Canada)
en-AU # English (Australia)
fr-FR # French (France)
fr-CA # French (Canada)
de-DE # German (Germany)
de-CH # German (Switzerland)
es-ES # Spanish (Spain)
es-MX # Spanish (Mexico)Application-Specific Examples
Popular macOS Applications
# Set French for productivity apps
./language_manager.sh set fr "Pages" "Numbers" "Keynote"
# Set German for communication apps
./language_manager.sh set de "Mail" "Messages" "FaceTime"
# Set Japanese for creative apps
./language_manager.sh set ja "Photos" "GarageBand" "iMovie"
# Set Spanish for system apps
./language_manager.sh set es "Calendar" "Contacts" "Reminders"Enterprise Application Setup
# Configure Microsoft Office
defaults write -app "Microsoft Word" AppleLanguages -array "fr"
defaults write -app "Microsoft Excel" AppleLanguages -array "fr"
defaults write -app "Microsoft PowerPoint" AppleLanguages -array "fr"
# Configure Adobe Creative Suite
defaults write -app "Adobe Photoshop 2024" AppleLanguages -array "de"
defaults write -app "Adobe Illustrator 2024" AppleLanguages -array "de"
defaults write -app "Adobe InDesign 2024" AppleLanguages -array "de"Language Policy Management
Enterprise Language Enforcement
# Create organization language policy
ORGANIZATION_LANGUAGE="en"
DEPARTMENT_LANGUAGES=("en" "fr" "de") # Allowed languages
# Enforce across all standard applications
for app in Safari Mail Calendar Contacts Notes; do
defaults write -app "$app" AppleLanguages -array "$ORGANIZATION_LANGUAGE"
doneCompliance Checking
# Check compliance with language policy
check_language_compliance() {
local required_lang="$1"
local non_compliant_apps=()
for app in Safari Mail Calendar Contacts Notes Reminders; do
local current_lang=$(defaults read -app "$app" AppleLanguages 2>/dev/null | head -1 | tr -d '[:space:],"()')
if [[ -n "$current_lang" && "$current_lang" != "$required_lang" ]]; then
non_compliant_apps+=("$app:$current_lang")
fi
done
if [[ ${#non_compliant_apps[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then
echo "ā ļø Non-compliant applications found:"
printf '%s\n' "${non_compliant_apps[@]}"
return 1
else
echo "ā
All applications comply with language policy"
return 0
fi
}Troubleshooting
Common Issues
# Check if application exists
app_exists() {
local app_name="$1"
if mdfind "kMDItemKind == 'Application'" | grep -q "$app_name.app"; then
return 0
else
echo "ā Application '$app_name' not found"
return 1
fi
}
# Force application restart
restart_application() {
local app_name="$1"
echo "š Restarting $app_name..."
# Kill application if running
pkill -f "$app_name" 2>/dev/null
# Wait and relaunch
sleep 2
open -a "$app_name" 2>/dev/null
}Language Setting Verification
# Verify language change took effect
verify_language_change() {
local app_name="$1"
local expected_lang="$2"
local actual_lang=$(defaults read -app "$app_name" AppleLanguages 2>/dev/null | head -1 | tr -d '[:space:],"()')
if [[ "$actual_lang" == "$expected_lang" ]]; then
echo "ā
$app_name language verified: $expected_lang"
return 0
else
echo "ā $app_name language mismatch. Expected: $expected_lang, Actual: $actual_lang"
return 1
fi
}Important Notes
- Application Restart Required - Most applications need to be restarted to apply language changes
- System vs App Languages - App-specific settings override system language
- User Context - Language settings apply to the current user only
- Backup Before Changes - Always backup current settings before bulk modifications
- Test Individual Apps - Verify language changes work for specific applications
- Regional Considerations - Some apps may require specific regional language codes